Zhi SUa,Haohua ZONGb,(
Abstract
Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) based turbulent drag reduction methods are used to reduce the total drag on a NACA 0012 airfoil at low angels of attack. The interaction of DBD with turbulent boundary layer was investigated, based on which the drag reduction experiments were conducted. The results show that unidirectional steady discharge is more effective than oscillating discharge in terms of drag reduction, while steady impinging discharge fails to finish the mission (i.e. drag increase). In the best scenario, a maximum relative drag reduction as high as 64 % is achieved at the freestream velocity of 5 m/s, and a drag reduction of 13.7 % keeps existing at the freestream velocity of 20 m/s. For unidirectional discharge, the jet velocity ratio and the dimensionless actuator spacing are the two key parameters affecting the effectiveness. The drag reduction magnitude varies inversely with the dimensionless spacing, and a threshold value of the dimensionless actuator spacing of 540 (approximately five times of the low-speed streak spacing) exists, above which the drag increases. When the jet velocity ratio smaller than 0.05, marginal drag variation is observed. In contrast, when the jet velocity ratio larger than 0.05, the experimental data bifurcates, one into the drag increase zone and the other into the drag reduction zone, depending on the value of dimensionless actuator spacing. In both zones, the drag variation magnitude increases with the jet velocity ratio. The total drag reduction can be divided into the reduction in pressure drag and turbulent friction drag, as well as the increase in friction drag brought by transition promotion. The reduction in turbulent friction drag plays an important role in the total drag reduction.
References
1
Corke TC, Thomas FO. Active and passive turbulent boundary-layer drag reduction. AIAA J 2018;56(10):3835–47.
2
Perlin M, Dowling DR, Ceccio SL. Freeman scholar review: Passive and active skin-friction drag reduction in turbulent boundary layers. J Fluids Eng 2016;138(9):091104.
3
Walsh MJ. Riblets as a viscous drag reduction technique. AIAA J 1983;21(4):485–6.
4
Ran W, Zare A, Jovanović MR. Model-based design of riblets for turbulent drag reduction. J Fluid Mech 2021;906:A7.
5
Kim HT, Kline SJ, Reynolds WC. The production of turbulence near a smooth wall in a turbulent boundary layer. J Fluid Mech 1971;50(1):133–60.
6
Gad-el-Hak M, Hussain AKMF. Coherent structures in a turbulent boundary layer. Part 1: Generation of "artificial" bursts. Phys Fluids 1986;29(7):2124–39.
7
Gad-el-Hak M, Blackwelder RF. Selective suction for controlling bursting events in a boundary layer. AIAA J 1989;27(3):308–14.
8
Choi H, Moin P, Kim J. Active turbulence control for drag reduction in wall-bounded flows. J Fluid Mech 1994;262:75–110.
9
Antonia RA, Zhu Y, Sokolov M. Effect of concentrated wall suction on a turbulent boundary layer. Phys Fluids 1995;7(10):2465–74.
10
Baron A, Quadrio M. Turbulent drag reduction by spanwise wall oscillations. Appl Sci Res 1995;55(4):311–26.
11
Choi KS. Near-wall structure of turbulent boundary layer with spanwise-wall oscillation. Phys Fluids 2002;14(7):2530–42.
12
Corke TC, Enloe CL, Wilkinson SP. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators for flow control. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 2010;42:505–29.
13
Su Z, Li J, Liang H, et al. UAV flight test of plasma slats and ailerons with microsecond dielectric barrier discharge. Chin Phys B 2018;27(10):105205.
14
Zhang X, Zhao YG, Yang C. Recent developments in thermal characteristics of surface dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators driven by sinusoidal high-voltage power. Chin J Aeronaut 2023;36(1):1–21.
15
Wang JJ, Choi KS, Feng LH, et al. Recent developments in DBD plasma flow control. Prog Aerosp Sci 2013;62:52–78.
16
Zhang X, Cui YD, Tay CMJ, et al. Flow field generated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator in quiescent air at initiation stage. Chin J Aeronaut 2021;34(3):13–24.
17
Liu B, Liang H, Han ZH, et al. Numerical research on airfoil transition delay by alternative current dielectric barrier discharge actuation. Chin J Aeronaut 2021;34(2):441–53.
18
Du YQ, Karniadakis GE. Suppressing wall turbulence by means of a transverse traveling wave. Science 2000;288(5469):1230–4.
19
Du YQ, Symeonidis V, Karniadakis GE. Drag reduction in wall-bounded turbulence via a transverse travelling wave. J Fluid Mech 2002;457:1–34.
20
Wilkinson S. Investigation of an oscillating surface plasma for turbulent drag reduction. Reston: AIAA; 2003. Report No.: AIAA-2003-1023.
21
Hehner MT, Gatti D, Kriegseis J. Stokes-layer formation under absence of moving parts—A novel oscillatory plasma actuator design for turbulent drag reduction. Phys Fluids 2019;31(5):051701.
22
Hehner MT, Gatti D, Mattern P, et al. Virtual wall oscillations forced by a DBD plasma actuator operating under beat frequency—A concept for turbulent drag reduction. Reston: AIAA; 2020. Report No.: AIAA-2020-2956.
23
Jukes T, Choi KS, Johnson G, et al. Turbulent drag reduction by surface plasma through spanwise flow oscillation. Reston: AIAA; 2006. Report No.: AIAA-2006-3693.
24
Choi KS, Jukes T, Whalley R. Turbulent boundary-layer control with plasma actuators. Phil Trans R Soc A 2011;369:1443–58.
25
Whalley RD, Choi KS. Turbulent boundary-layer control with plasma spanwise travelling waves. Exp Fluids 2014;55(8):1796.
26
Mahfoze O, Laizet S. Skin-friction drag reduction in a channel flow with streamwise-aligned plasma actuators. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2017;66:83–94.
27
McGowan R, Corke TC, Matlis EH, et al. Pulsed-DC plasma actuator characteristics and application in compressor stall control. Reston: AIAA; 2016. Report No.: AIAA-2016-0394.
28
Thomas FO, Corke TC, Duong A, et al. Turbulent drag reduction using pulsed-DC plasma actuation. J Phys D: Appl Phys 2019;52(43):434001.
29
Duong AH, Corke TC, Thomas FO. Characteristics of drag reduced turbulent boundary layers through pulsed-DC actuation. Reston: AIAA; 2020. Report No.: AIAA-2020-0098.
30
Shun NK, Nishida H, Oshio Y. Investigation on performance characteristics of dielectric discharge plasma actuator using pulsed-dc waveform. J Fluid Sci Technol 2018;13(3):JFST0018.
31
Nakano A, Nishida H. The effect of the voltage waveform on performance of dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator. J Appl Phys 2019;126(17):173303.
32
Starikovskiy AY, Aleksandrov NL. Gasdynamic flow control by ultrafast local heating in a strongly nonequilibrium pulsed plasma. Plasma Phys Rep 2021;47(2):148–209.
33
Yates K, Corke TC, Thomas FO, et al. Viscous drag reduction in adverse pressure gradient boundary layers. Reston: AIAA; 2019. Report No.: AIAA-2019-0309.
34
Cheng XQ, Wong CW, Hussain F, et al. Flat plate drag reduction using plasma-generated streamwise vortices. J Fluid Mech 2021;918:A24.
35
Li YQ, Gao C, Wu B, et al. Turbulent boundary layer control with a spanwise array of DBD plasma actuators. Plasma Sci Technol 2021;23(2):025501.
36
Wu B, Gao C, Liu F, et al. Reduction of turbulent boundary layer drag through dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuation based on the Spalding formula. Plasma Sci Technol 2019;21(4):045501.
37
Anderson JD. Fundamentals of aerodynamics. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2011. p. 135–41.
38
Drela M. XFOIL: An analysis and design system for low Reynolds number airfoils. In: Mueller TJ, editor. Low Reynolds number aerodynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1989. p. 1–12.
39
Counsil JNN, Boulama KG. Low-Reynolds-number aerodynamic performances of the NACA 0012 and Selig-Donovan 7003 airfoils. J Aircr 2013;50(1):204–16.
40
Ohtake T, Nakae Y, Motohashi T. Nonlinearity of the aerodynamic characteristics of NACA0012 aerofoil at low Reynolds numbers. J Japan Soc Aeronaut Space Sci 2007;55(644):439–45.
41
Jones LE. Numerical studies of the flow around an airfoil at low Reynolds number[dissertation]. Southampton: University of Southampton; 2008.
42
Jukes TN, Choi KS. On the formation of streamwise vortices by plasma vortex generators. J Fluid Mech 2013;733:370–93.
43
Kelley CL, Corke TC, Thomas FO, et al. Design and scaling of plasma streamwise vortex generators for flow separation control. AIAA J 2016;54(11):3397–408.
44
Schoppa W, Hussain F. Coherent structure generation in near-wall turbulence. J Fluid Mech 2002;453:57–108.
45
Pope SB. Turbulent flows. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
46
Zhu YF, Wu Y. The secondary ionization wave and characteristic map of surface discharge plasma in a wide time scale. New J Phys 2020;22(10):103060.
47
Soloviev V, Krivtsov V. Analytical and numerical estimation of the body force and heat sources generated by the surface dielectric barrier discharge powered by alternating voltage. EUCASS 2015 Ⅵ European conference for aeronautics and space science, 2015.
48
Nagib HM, Chauhan KA, Monkewitz PA. Approach to an asymptotic state for zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2007;365(1852):755–70.
49
Grundmann S, Tropea C. Active cancellation of artificially introduced Tollmien-Schlichting waves using plasma actuators. Exp Fluids 2008;44(5):795–806.
50
Little J, Nishihara M, Adamovich I, et al. High-lift airfoil trailing edge separation control using a single dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator. Exp Fluids 2010;48(3):521–37.
51
Benard N, Moreau E. Electrical and mechanical characteristics of surface AC dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators applied to airflow control. Exp Fluids 2014;55(11):1846.